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This paper employs a variety of sources to analyze overall trends in the PLA's military diplomacy from approximately 2003 to the end of 2016, and it compares trends during the Hu Jintao era to trends since Xi Jinping became chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) in November 2012.1 It uses data collected from a range of primary sources, including Chinese and English articles from PLA Daily (????)
A reorganization in early 2016 instituted major changes to the PLA's structure, including the creation of 15 organizations under the CMC.
Specifically, the former General Staff Depart-ment is now the CMC Joint Staff Department, the former General Political Department is the CMC Political Work Department, the former General Logistics Department is the CMC Logistic Support Department,7 and the former General Armament Department is the Equipment Development Department.
The PLA also created a separate PLA Army (PLAA) Headquarters, renamed the PLA Second Artillery Force as the PLA Rocket Force and upgraded it from an in-dependent branch to a full service, and created five Theater Commands from the previous seven Military Regions.8 The 2016 reorganization also placed the office with primary responsibility for coordinating PLA foreign relations (the Ministry of National Defense-Foreign Affairs Office) under the direct supervision of the CMC and renamed it the CMC Office of International Mili-tary Cooperation, possibly reflecting Xi Jinping's heightened emphasis on military diplomacy.9 This paper covers events that occurred before and after the reorganization.
Chinese writings also credit senior-level meetings with constructing a favorable security environment, protecting regional and global stability, and promoting common develop-ment.33 China's senior military leadership consists of officers at the CMC Vice Chairmen and CMC member-grade levels, supplemented by the Deputy Chief of the CMC Joint Staff Department with responsibility for intelligence and foreign affairs.34 Since few countries have direct counterparts to the two senior CMC vice chairmen positions, meetings with the CMC Vice Chairmen rather than lower level PLA officers may indicate which countries Beijing prioritizes in military diplomacy.
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